Inicio > Historias > La Guerra Civil Española
La Guerra Civil Española
 Paul Preston, 1989, 1996, 2003.
La Guerra Civil, por todos es conocido, en su día despertó un gran interés en el mundo entero. George Orwell y Ernest Hemingway contaron su visión y experiencias; otros muchos periodistas y fotógrafos relataron lo que sucedió. Ocurre que, por la propia naturaleza de las guerras, pero especialmente por el esfuerzo propagandista de ambos bandos, especialmente el mantenido durante la dictadura posterior, hasta no hace mucho tiempo la gente de fuera podía estar mejor informada sobre acontecimientos tan trágicos y relevantes para nuestra historia que los propios españoles. En mi opinión, es más posible encontrar la verdad de lo ocurrido en España en lo que nos cuentan los de fuera que los de dentro. Lamentablemente, es todavía inevitable el que se clasifique a los historiadores patrios en franquistas o rojos. Al contrario de lo que ocurre en España, en el resto del mundo no se ha parado de estudiar lo ocurrido y, aunque las objetividad total es imposible de alcanzar, creo que el grado de objetividad que un estudio extranjero puede alcanzar hoy día es muy superior al nivel alcanzado por los historiadores españoles.
Supongo que es por esto que Paul Preston ha alcanzado cierta fama como uno de los mejores historiadores hispanistas contemporáneos. Ha publicado numerosos libros sobre la contienda, la dictadura y la transición a la democracia, entre ellos sendas biografías del general Franco y el rey don Juan Carlos. Saber que él era el autor del libro me animó a comprarlo; siempre soy muy reticente a comprar algo sobre política española contemporánea, que más que ensayo histórico las más de las veces te tienes que tragar propaganda por decirlo de una manera suave.
El libro es un gran ensayo político sobre la Guerra Civil, centrándose en analizar los problemas que sufría España desde el siglo XIX y ver cuáles fueron las lineas de acción de las diversas facciones políticas a lo largo del tiempo. De hecho al menos un tercio del libro, si no la mitad, se dedica al análisis de la política republicana a la luz de lo acontecido después. El que vaya buscando un ensayo de corte militar saldrá decepcionado: las batallas más importantes se mencionan, pero no se detallan sus aspectos tácticos. El autor no cree que el curso de la guerra estuviese determinado tácticamente más allá de la decisión de Franco de alargar la contienda para lograr estabilizar los territorios rebeldes, sobre todo debido a la supremacía militar que le daba el contar con la ayuda de Mussolini y Hitler. Así sobre las batallas del Jarama, Brunete o del Ebro, apenas leemos un par de páginas, mientras que muchas más ocupan asuntos como la división interna en el bando republicano o la "franquización" de los rebeldes.
En mi opinión es un muy buen ensayo, centrado en las ideologías y motivaciones de cada grupo en cada bando, que ayuda a comprender por qué algo tan desastroso llegó a ocurrir, por qué la reacción de las potencias europeas fue como fue y, sobre todo, revela la tremenda complejidad de la política de la segunda república, que va mucho más allá de lo que se pintó después (que ni todos los republicanos eran de izquierdas, ni todos los de izquierdas eran rojos, por mentar la simplificación más extendida hoy día, aún a pesar de que este año hagan 30 de la muerte de Franco; y es que no sólo a los franquistas les venía bien esta idea), y vemos cómo es la radicalización de la misma la que genera el conflicto y que éste sólo consigue polarizar aún más a la sociedad.
Como aspectos negativos de este ensayo, su falta de profundidad en ciertos asuntos, pero sobre todo la falta de citas bibliográficas insertadas en el texto (aunque tiene un capítulo final dedicado exclusivamente a pormenorizar lecturas adicionales que abundan en determinadas lineas). Supongo que ambas cosas sean sacrificios en aras de lograr una mayor sencillez y claridad, y eso es algo que merece la pena resaltar: este libro no necesita una licenciatura en historia para ser leído y es por ello que lo recomiendo a todo el mundo.
2005-01-31 01:00 | 60 Comentarios
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Comentarios
1
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De: BioMaxi |
Fecha: 2005-02-01 14:54 |
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Preston nos cuenta en la introducción que durante la transición se formuló un "pacto del olvido" para evitar abrir viejas heridas. Creo que la herida debería estar suficientemente cicatrizada ya como para que España pueda recuperar su memoria. Trabajos como éste sin duda ayudarán en la tarea.
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De: BioMaxi |
Fecha: 2005-02-01 15:43 |
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Por cierto, pongo tres fechas porque, que yo sepa, del libro hay tres ediciones. Yo he leído la última. La primera salió coincidiendo con el 50 aniversario del final de la guerra, la segunda con el 60 aniversario del comienzo, y la última no tengo ni idea de por qué, aunque sí que ha incorporado cambios pues en los libros que cita al final hay cosas publicadas en el 2000 y posteriores.
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De: danny |
Fecha: 2005-09-12 00:28 |
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cual es el hecho historico de la guerra civil española
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